人工知能と呼ばれる分野は、文字通り、この知能を人工的に作り出すことを研究する分野だ*1。その歴史の始まりをどこに置くかは、色々と議論の余地があるだろう。計算機科学者のジョン・マッカーシーが初めて「人工知能」という用語を使った1955年としても良いし*2、数学者アラン・チューリングの記念碑的論文「計算する機械と知性(Computing Machinery and Intelligence)」が発表された1950年としても良い*3。あるいは、カレル・チャペックの小説において初めて「ロボット」という概念が登場した1920年頃とするのも面白いだろう*4。もっと遡ってデカルトが機械論を唱えた17世紀初頭とする人も多いはずだ*5。しかし、その歴史の重要な転換点の1つとして、電子計算機の誕生を外すことはできないということに関しては、皆一様に同意してくれるに違いない。
The original question, ‘Can machines think!’ I believe to be too meaningless to deserve discussion. Nevertheless I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted.
*4:Čapek, K. (1920). R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots). Prague: Aventinum.
*5:Descartes, R. (1637). Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One’s Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences. Originally published in Leiden, the Netherlands.
ここまで述べてきた超情報拡散現象にまつわる一連の出来事は、AIに対する「非拡散ガイドライン」が制定された頃の情報から、確度の高いものを「CDC法(Counter-Diffusion Construction Method:逆拡散構築法)」によって再構築しているものであり、その確からしさは60%前後と言われている。冒頭の文章は、再構築の際に偶然現れたものであるが、これが人間によって書かれている可能性は30%程度と見積もられている。いずれにしても、彼にとっては良かったのかもしれない。我々の過去に対する視界は、情報の霧によって完全に断絶されているのだから。
% cat POSCAR
Pb9Cu(PO4)6O
1.000000000000009.9306823821051555-0.00000148183663610.0000000000000000-4.96533990779532008.6002239607356703-0.00000000000000000.00000000000000000.00000000000000007.4109945172796605
Pb Cu P O
91625
Direct
0.99868074496420780.76992024472165520.24747563808775090.99770143821625200.25770032161243190.75450569603067850.23007975527834520.22876050024256700.24747563808775090.74229967838756850.74000111760381680.75450569603067850.77123951475743780.00131926903579360.24747563808775090.25999889739618790.00229857578374910.75450569603067850.33333331299999710.66666662699999790.01022527689120110.33333331299999710.66666662699999790.49625634241320840.66666668700000290.33333334299999960.52171405486656160.66666668700000290.33333334299999960.06349556997149100.62383780616075770.59409894145273010.23306143754194670.37151156458220170.39138525743806400.74992510763462130.40590105854727000.02973883470801830.23306143754194670.60861474256193550.98012633714413290.74992510763462130.97026119529198400.37616222383924470.23306143754194670.01987369285586960.62848846541780100.74992510763462130.49703419500861900.64191278072821800.25048195730509430.47225741743748390.31241160861506680.74898194926363930.35808721927178230.85512141428040110.25048195730509430.68758839138493310.15984580782242750.74898194926363930.14487855571959630.50296577599137530.25048195730509430.84015416217757730.52774255356251010.74898194926363930.74658907843440980.69743736651627910.08773261965897750.25187103314869600.33025794899205290.90822697591277420.30256263348372070.04915168191812110.08773261965897750.66974205100794680.92161311315662750.90822697591277420.95084834708188500.25341095156559270.08773261965897750.07838691584337840.74812899685130650.90822697591277420.27510673205640970.36310860261387000.57374072524038730.71327438786866070.62014471971597120.41405283385768620.63689139738612980.91199815844253140.57374072524038730.37985528028402900.09312963815269460.41405283385768620.08800187055747470.72489329794359260.57374072524038730.90687039084731140.28672564213134180.41405283385768620.54416036868125130.41917364419373050.17643581357649580.47809002238685560.57334199967797690.77229354413875230.58082632580626710.12498672448752820.17643581357649580.42665797032201410.90474796270887430.77229354413875230.87501324551246940.45583963131874860.17643581357649580.09525200729112340.52190997761314450.7722935441387523-0.00000000000000000.00000000000000000.2917658511111268
% cat scf.in
&CONTROL
prefix ='lk99'
calculation ='scf'
tstress = .true.
tprnfor = .true.
outdir ='./out'
pseudo_dir ='../pp'
/
&SYSTEM
ibrav =0
nat =41
ntyp =4
ecutwfc =40
ecutrho =160
occupations ='smearing'
degauss =0.003675
smearing ='gaussian'
/
&ELECTRONS
electron_maxstep =100
conv_thr = 1e-09
mixing_beta =0.7
diago_david_ndim =4
/
ATOMIC_SPECIES
Pb 207.2 Pb.pbe-dn-kjpaw_psl.1.0.0.UPF
Cu 63.546 Cu.pbe-spn-kjpaw_psl.1.0.0.UPF
P 30.973761998 P.pbe-nl-kjpaw_psl.1.0.0.UPF
O 15.999 O.pbe-n-kjpaw_psl.1.0.0.UPF
ATOMIC_POSITIONS angstrom
Pb 1.12932322943.75474480971.8340405970
Pb -1.30239646287.94976235315.5916375765
Pb 1.14897518647.70087342081.8340405970
Pb -1.26815672943.49743362075.5916375765
Pb -2.27829841595.74482820921.8340405970
Pb 2.57055319225.75325046585.5916375765
Pb 4.96534119112.86674107330.0757794710
Pb 4.96534119112.86674107333.6777530328
Pb 0.00000000000.00000000003.8664200002
Cu 0.00000000000.00000000000.4705653209
P 8.21057220252.24264235471.7272170358
P 6.71134304600.49925942255.5576908611
P 3.88321103005.98924292961.7272170358
P 6.14263951625.56256386015.5576908611
P 2.80224034060.36833793551.7272170358
P 2.04204101112.53839993735.5576908611
O 6.71391378962.65385204551.8563204123
O 3.13860803248.42029163405.5507011195
O 4.27542219804.48749387791.8563204123
O -3.89614928747.10819169145.5507011195
O 3.90668758561.45887729651.8563204123
O 0.75754125501.67196311425.5507011195
O -1.01421682123.13137587750.6501859633
O 0.86140767978.57377414496.7308651389
O 2.76059854306.15619774890.6501859633
O -2.89046886465.05933708106.7308651389
O -1.74638172177.91287281320.6501859633
O 2.02906118483.56733521376.7308651389
O 5.89438051300.25607387914.2519893691
O -0.96127006902.46664186173.0685432816
O 6.76172564114.97664632434.2519893691
O 3.30980171126.53441798933.0685432816
O 2.23991741913.36750301654.2519893691
O -2.34853164238.19938658863.0685432816
O 8.28788466170.73824575151.3075648471
O 6.86626255202.06412802215.7234632213
O 5.14740047626.80839578491.3075648471
O 4.70996380234.91429378805.7234632213
O 1.46073843531.05358168341.3075648471
O 3.31979721891.62180140975.7234632213
O 0.00000000005.73348214662.1622751229
K_POINTS {automatic}445000
CELL_PARAMETERS angstrom
9.93068238210.00000000000.0000000000-4.96534119118.60022321980.00000000000.00000000000.00000000007.4109945173
% cat input.in
&CONTROL
prefix ='lk99'
calculation ='nscf'
tstress = .true.
tprnfor = .true.
outdir ='./out'
pseudo_dir ='../pp'
/
&SYSTEM
ibrav =0
nat =41
ntyp =4
ecutwfc =40
ecutrho =160
occupations ='tetrahedra'
/
&ELECTRONS
electron_maxstep =100
conv_thr = 1e-09
mixing_beta =0.7
diago_david_ndim =4
/
ATOMIC_SPECIES
Pb 207.2 Pb.pbe-dn-kjpaw_psl.1.0.0.UPF
Cu 63.546 Cu.pbe-spn-kjpaw_psl.1.0.0.UPF
P 30.973761998 P.pbe-nl-kjpaw_psl.1.0.0.UPF
O 15.999 O.pbe-n-kjpaw_psl.1.0.0.UPF
ATOMIC_POSITIONS angstrom
Pb 1.12932322943.75474480971.8340405970
Pb -1.30239646287.94976235315.5916375765
Pb 1.14897518647.70087342081.8340405970
Pb -1.26815672943.49743362075.5916375765
Pb -2.27829841595.74482820921.8340405970
Pb 2.57055319225.75325046585.5916375765
Pb 4.96534119112.86674107330.0757794710
Pb 4.96534119112.86674107333.6777530328
Pb 0.00000000000.00000000003.8664200002
Cu 0.00000000000.00000000000.4705653209
P 8.21057220252.24264235471.7272170358
P 6.71134304600.49925942255.5576908611
P 3.88321103005.98924292961.7272170358
P 6.14263951625.56256386015.5576908611
P 2.80224034060.36833793551.7272170358
P 2.04204101112.53839993735.5576908611
O 6.71391378962.65385204551.8563204123
O 3.13860803248.42029163405.5507011195
O 4.27542219804.48749387791.8563204123
O -3.89614928747.10819169145.5507011195
O 3.90668758561.45887729651.8563204123
O 0.75754125501.67196311425.5507011195
O -1.01421682123.13137587750.6501859633
O 0.86140767978.57377414496.7308651389
O 2.76059854306.15619774890.6501859633
O -2.89046886465.05933708106.7308651389
O -1.74638172177.91287281320.6501859633
O 2.02906118483.56733521376.7308651389
O 5.89438051300.25607387914.2519893691
O -0.96127006902.46664186173.0685432816
O 6.76172564114.97664632434.2519893691
O 3.30980171126.53441798933.0685432816
O 2.23991741913.36750301654.2519893691
O -2.34853164238.19938658863.0685432816
O 8.28788466170.73824575151.3075648471
O 6.86626255202.06412802215.7234632213
O 5.14740047626.80839578491.3075648471
O 4.70996380234.91429378805.7234632213
O 1.46073843531.05358168341.3075648471
O 3.31979721891.62180140975.7234632213
O 0.00000000005.73348214662.1622751229
K_POINTS {automatic}667000
CELL_PARAMETERS angstrom
9.93068238210.00000000000.0000000000-4.96534119118.60022321980.00000000000.00000000000.00000000007.4109945173
% cat input.in
&CONTROL
prefix ='lk99'
calculation ='bands'
tstress = .true.
tprnfor = .true.
outdir ='./out'
pseudo_dir ='../pp'
verbosity ='high'
/
&SYSTEM
ibrav =0
nat =41
ntyp =4
ecutwfc =40
ecutrho =160
occupations ='smearing'
degauss =0.003675
smearing ='gaussian'
/
&ELECTRONS
electron_maxstep =100
conv_thr = 1e-09
mixing_beta =0.7
diago_david_ndim =4
/
ATOMIC_SPECIES
Pb 207.2 Pb.pbe-dn-kjpaw_psl.1.0.0.UPF
Cu 63.546 Cu.pbe-spn-kjpaw_psl.1.0.0.UPF
P 30.973761998 P.pbe-nl-kjpaw_psl.1.0.0.UPF
O 15.999 O.pbe-n-kjpaw_psl.1.0.0.UPF
ATOMIC_POSITIONS angstrom
Pb 1.12932322943.75474480971.8340405970
Pb -1.30239646287.94976235315.5916375765
Pb 1.14897518647.70087342081.8340405970
Pb -1.26815672943.49743362075.5916375765
Pb -2.27829841595.74482820921.8340405970
Pb 2.57055319225.75325046585.5916375765
Pb 4.96534119112.86674107330.0757794710
Pb 4.96534119112.86674107333.6777530328
Pb 0.00000000000.00000000003.8664200002
Cu 0.00000000000.00000000000.4705653209
P 8.21057220252.24264235471.7272170358
P 6.71134304600.49925942255.5576908611
P 3.88321103005.98924292961.7272170358
P 6.14263951625.56256386015.5576908611
P 2.80224034060.36833793551.7272170358
P 2.04204101112.53839993735.5576908611
O 6.71391378962.65385204551.8563204123
O 3.13860803248.42029163405.5507011195
O 4.27542219804.48749387791.8563204123
O -3.89614928747.10819169145.5507011195
O 3.90668758561.45887729651.8563204123
O 0.75754125501.67196311425.5507011195
O -1.01421682123.13137587750.6501859633
O 0.86140767978.57377414496.7308651389
O 2.76059854306.15619774890.6501859633
O -2.89046886465.05933708106.7308651389
O -1.74638172177.91287281320.6501859633
O 2.02906118483.56733521376.7308651389
O 5.89438051300.25607387914.2519893691
O -0.96127006902.46664186173.0685432816
O 6.76172564114.97664632434.2519893691
O 3.30980171126.53441798933.0685432816
O 2.23991741913.36750301654.2519893691
O -2.34853164238.19938658863.0685432816
O 8.28788466170.73824575151.3075648471
O 6.86626255202.06412802215.7234632213
O 5.14740047626.80839578491.3075648471
O 4.70996380234.91429378805.7234632213
O 1.46073843531.05358168341.3075648471
O 3.31979721891.62180140975.7234632213
O 0.00000000005.73348214662.1622751229
K_POINTS crystal
730.00000000000.00000000000.00000000001 ! GAMMA
0.07692307690.00000000000.000000000010.15384615380.00000000000.000000000010.23076923080.00000000000.000000000010.30769230770.00000000000.000000000010.38461538460.00000000000.000000000010.46153846150.00000000000.000000000010.50000000000.00000000000.00000000001 ! M
0.45238095240.09523809520.000000000010.40476190480.19047619050.000000000010.35714285710.28571428570.000000000010.33333333330.33333333330.00000000001 ! K
0.28888888890.28888888890.000000000010.24444444440.24444444440.000000000010.20000000000.20000000000.000000000010.15555555560.15555555560.000000000010.11111111110.11111111110.000000000010.06666666670.06666666670.000000000010.02222222220.02222222220.000000000010.00000000000.00000000000.00000000001 ! G
0.00000000000.00000000000.066666666710.00000000000.00000000000.133333333310.00000000000.00000000000.200000000010.00000000000.00000000000.266666666710.00000000000.00000000000.333333333310.00000000000.00000000000.400000000010.00000000000.00000000000.466666666710.00000000000.00000000000.50000000001 ! A
0.07692307690.00000000000.500000000010.15384615380.00000000000.500000000010.23076923080.00000000000.500000000010.30769230770.00000000000.500000000010.38461538460.00000000000.500000000010.46153846150.00000000000.500000000010.50000000000.00000000000.50000000001 ! L
0.45238095240.09523809520.500000000010.40476190480.19047619050.500000000010.35714285710.28571428570.500000000010.33333333330.33333333330.50000000001 ! H
0.28888888890.28888888890.500000000010.24444444440.24444444440.500000000010.20000000000.20000000000.500000000010.15555555560.15555555560.500000000010.11111111110.11111111110.500000000010.06666666670.06666666670.500000000010.02222222220.02222222220.500000000010.00000000000.00000000000.50000000001 ! A
0.50000000000.00000000000.50000000001 ! L
0.50000000000.00000000000.433333333310.50000000000.00000000000.366666666710.50000000000.00000000000.300000000010.50000000000.00000000000.233333333310.50000000000.00000000000.166666666710.50000000000.00000000000.100000000010.50000000000.00000000000.033333333310.50000000000.00000000000.00000000001 ! M
0.33333333330.33333333330.50000000001 ! H
0.33333333330.33333333330.433333333310.33333333330.33333333330.366666666710.33333333330.33333333330.300000000010.33333333330.33333333330.233333333310.33333333330.33333333330.166666666710.33333333330.33333333330.100000000010.33333333330.33333333330.033333333310.33333333330.33333333330.00000000001 ! K
0.33333333330.3333333333-0.066666666710.33333333330.3333333333-0.133333333310.33333333330.3333333333-0.200000000010.33333333330.3333333333-0.266666666710.33333333330.3333333333-0.333333333310.33333333330.3333333333-0.400000000010.33333333330.3333333333-0.466666666710.33333333330.3333333333-0.50000000001 ! H2
CELL_PARAMETERS angstrom
9.93068238210.00000000000.0000000000-4.96534119118.60022321980.00000000000.00000000000.00000000007.4109945173